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Which best lists the end products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A. ATP and NADPH
B. [tex]$CO_2$[/tex] and [tex]$H_2O$[/tex]
C. ATP, NADPH, and [tex]$O_2$[/tex]
D. [tex]$C_6H_{12}O_6$[/tex] and [tex]$O_2$[/tex]

Sagot :

GinnyAnswer
To determine which option best lists the end products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, let's review the process and its outcomes step-by-step.

1. Location and Nature of Light-Dependent Reactions:
- These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts in plant cells. They require light to energize electrons in chlorophyll.

2. Primary Inputs:
- Water ([tex]\(H_2O\)[/tex])
- Light energy
- ADP and inorganic phosphate (for ATP production)
- NADP+ (an electron carrier)

3. Key Steps in Light-Dependent Reactions:
- When light hits chlorophyll, it excites electrons to a higher energy state.
- The excited electrons travel through the electron transport chain, releasing energy.
- This energy is used to pump protons into the thylakoid lumen, creating a proton gradient.
- The flow of protons back into the stroma through ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
- Electrons eventually reduce NADP+ to form NADPH.
- Water molecules are split (photolysis), providing electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll and releasing oxygen gas as a byproduct.

4. End Products:
- [tex]\(ATP\)[/tex] (adenosine triphosphate), which provides energy for the Calvin cycle.
- [tex]\(NADPH\)[/tex] (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), a reducing agent that provides electrons and hydrogen ions for the Calvin cycle.
- [tex]\(O_2\)[/tex] (oxygen gas), released as a byproduct when water is split.

Given this detailed analysis, the end products of the light-dependent reactions are:

- ATP
- NADPH
- [tex]\(O_2\)[/tex]

So, the correct option is:

ATP, NADPH, and [tex]\(O_2\)[/tex].
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