The answer is through the description of the setting.
The title of the book's titular character, a wild wolf-dog, is White Fang, and Jack London was an American author who lived from 1876 to 1916.
The Northland Wild is presented at the beginning as a danger to all forms of life.
The terrain itself was so cold and desolate that it didn't even have a sad spirit; it was dead, without motion, and desolate.
A laugh could be detected in it. It was the wisest thing in the universe, the unfathomable wisdom of eternity, mocking life's pointlessness and struggle.
Later, it seems as though the dark, deep woods are home to a variety of frights that frighten the faint of heart.
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