The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although there are no options attached, we can comment on the following.
The trends which contributed significantly to the political fragmentation of Europe in the tenth century were the many invasions and raids of the Nordic tribes known as the Vikings and the settlements they established in many regions of Europe.
Another important factor could have been the beginning of the Crusades in 1096. In that year, Pope II ordered the formation of armies to fight against the Muslims that had captured the sacred lands in the Middle East. Catholics and Muslim Palestines entrenched in a series of wars that affected Europe and dived it.
